New York State

New York

We gonna talk about the State New York. General information about New York
The surface of the state New York is about 130.000 km2 [square kilometre]. The state borders in the North on 2 big lakes. Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The state even borders in the North on 2 Canadian provinces, Ontario and Quebec. In the East of the State, the state borders on Vermont, Massacussetts and Connecticut. In the South Easth, it borders on the Atlantic Ocean and in the South Pennsylvania. More than 80% of the New Yorkers lives in one of the six biggest cities of the state. Those cities are: New York City, Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo. So there is much open space and beautiful nature. Most of the people think by New York on the City New York. But in the state there are more interesting things to do. In New York City lives 10 million people. The capital city is Albany, but the biggest city is New York City. In the state you can find much memories of the Dutch people. In New York City you have the Holland Tunnel and you’ve got Brooklyn and Harlem, in Dutch Breukelen and Haarlem. New York City has got 2 islands: Manhattan and Long Island. There are no National Parks in the State New York. But there is much beautiful nature to admire. Such as the Niagara Falls and the Adirondack Mountains. In the Adirondack Mountains is the highest mountain 1600 meter high. This region is for the greater part a nature park. More than 50% of the state New York exist of wood and more than 150 treesorts. History of New York Before the white colonists were living at New York, there were 2 groups of Indians in New York. One of the groups helped the Britains by the French and Indian War of 1754 to 1763, so they won the war. The state New York was colonisated first by Dutch people, those found New-Amsterdam in 1625. They bought the Island Manhattan for 25 dollar. Nowadays you can’t buy a piece of 5 square centimeters for that money. In 1664 the name New-Amsterdam is changed to New York, by governor Peter Stuyvesant. After the war the population growed very fast. Before the American Independentwar there were living 163.000 people. After that war the state growed happy further and against 1810 it was the most densely populated state of the USA. In the second half of the 20st century the heavy industry felt in a deep valley, but they spend ever more. In 1975 New York City was bankrupt. At the moment the economy is a lot better than 30 years ago. About the Twin Towers On the september 11th 2001 the most horrible terroristic attack in the history of the humanity took place. Moslimterrorists of the Al-Queda (the terrorristorganisation of Bin Laden) privated 2 american airplanes and flow with al the passengers through the Twin Towers. Both of them collapsed and at least 5000 people died on a horrible dead. The history of the Twin Towers
The Twin Towers were 417 and 415 metres high. The World Trade Center was more than its signature twin towers: it was a complex of seven buildings, constructed and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The towers, One and Two World Trade Center, rise at the heart of the complex, each climbing more than 30 metres higher than the silver mast of the Empire State Building. Construction of a world trade facility had been under consideration since the end of WorldWar 2. In the late 1950s the Port Authority took interest in the project and in 1962 fixed its site on the west side of Lower Manhattan on a superblock bounded by Vesey, Liberty, Church and West Streets.

About the Statue of Liberty (In Dutch: Vrijheidsbeeld) Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion, to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The Statue was a joint effort between America and France and it was agreed upon that the American people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly here in the United States. However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise funds. In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds. Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such as colossal copper sculpture. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue\'s copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Back in America, fund raising for the pedestal was going particularly slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer (noted for the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, \"The World\" to support the fund raising effort. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich who had failed to finance the pedestal construction and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds. Pulitzer\'s campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate. In october 1886 the whole Statue was ready. Empire State Building: New York\'s famous Empire State Building, a New York City Landmark and a National Historic Landmark, soars more than a quarter of a mile into the atmosphere above the heart of Manhattan. Located on the 86th floor, 1,050 feet (320 meters) above the city\'s bustling streets, the Observatory offers panoramic views from within a glass enclosed pavilion and from the surrounding open-air promenade. Since the Observatory opened to the public in 1931, almost 110 million visitors have thrilled to the awe-inspiring vision of the city beneath them. Each year over 3.5 million people are whisked to the 86th floor to be where Cary Grant waited in vain for Deborah Kerr in an \"Affair to Remember\", while Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan had their fateful meeting in the movie \"Sleepless in Seattle.\" The observatory is handicap accessible. The building, one of New York City\'s main tourist attractions, offers a variety of activities for its visitors. One can tour the Observatory 365 days per year, day and night, rain or shine for breathtaking views of Manhattan and beyond. Also, there are two restaurants, a sushi bar, three coffee shops, a drug store, a Hallmark card shop, a post office and two banks, in addition to the plethora of restaurants and nightlife activities in the surrounding area. For the family, there is the New York Skyride, an independently owned and operated simulated helicopter ride and virtual-reality movie theater. In addition, there are concerts and art exhibits located in the lobby year-round, holiday-based decorations/shows, as well as special annual events such as The Valentine\'s Day Weddings, The ESB Run-up and the Boys and Girls Scout Camp-outs. All in all, the feeling and spirit of New York City is embodied in the Empire State Building. From the people who fell in love here, to the ones who have returned with their children and grandchildren, everyone recognizes the building not only as an awe-inspiring landmark which offers one of the most spectacular views on earth but an unequaled symbol of American ingenuity and Art Deco architecture. Brooklyn Bridge After sixty years of political, financial and technical discussions (including a 6 lane tunnel proposal in the 1830\'s), John Roebling\'s plan was approved, the New York Bridge Company was formed and, in 1869, construction of the bridge finally began.

The bridge was built over 14 years in the face of enormous difficulties. Roebling died as a result of an accident at the outset; a fire in the Brooklyn Caisson smoldered for weeks; Roebling\'s son, Washington, who took over as chief engineer, suffered a crippling attack of the bends during the construction of the Manhattan Caisson, and continued to direct operations, sending messages to the site by his wife, Emily. After the towers were built, a cable parted from its anchorage killing two people; there was fraud perpetrated by the cable contractor.

In the end, John Roebling\'s prediction that the promenade above the deck will be \"of incalculable value in a crowded commercial city\" was justified, together with his perhaps most noted statement, claiming that \"the great towers...will be ranked as national monuments. ...As a work of art, and a successful specimen of advanced bridge engineering, this structure will forever testify to the energy, enterprise, and wealth of that community which shall secure its erection.\"

Building the Brooklyn Bridge not only required designing the bridge, but also inventing key materials, their means of manufacture and the means to put them in place. In the 1840\'s John Roebling started America\'s first wire rope manufacturing company. This got him involved in engineering projects that involved the use of his wire rope and eventually in the design of suspension bridges.

Wire rope is made from strands of metal precisely organized to move together under load so as to maximize the working strength of the metal. Before the Brooklyn Bridge, the individual wires that make up the rope were made from iron. Roebling developed stronger cast steel wires for the Brooklyn Bridge and spun them on site to make them of sufficient length.

Four 15 3/4-inch cables are the backbone of the bridge. The decision to use steel instead of standard iron wire was a revolutionary proposal. Steel was regarded as a suspect material, not yet proven over time as was iron. In fact, at the time of the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, the use of steel in any structure in Great Britain was illegal. Steel would be vindicated as a tensile material in the Brooklyn Bridge, and, at the same time, as a compression material in the St. Louis Bridge.