Hoofstuk 1 &2 (nieuwe editie)

§ 1 – Colonization and landscape

G-Numbers:  G58

§ 2 – Climate and the forces of nature

G-Numbers: G30, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 51, 52

§ 3 – Melting pot or salad bowl

G-Numbers: G117, 118, 120, 124

§ 1         Colonization and landscape

• The shifting frontier

Colonization:                   

making a region fit for human use

• Until 1840, low immigration in USA, then Europeans came
• The frontier is the division between the western and eastern part of USA.
• Landscape at forty degrees latitude
• When you travel from east to west, you see landscape clearly change.
• The Appalachians (low) are found in east, it’s an old mountain range: erosion
• The Rockies (high) in the west, is a young mountain range (Alps), sharp peaks and perpetual snow.
• The inferior Central plain, found in the middle, is a coastal plain. (Corn belt)
• The Great plains, further to the west, have natural vegetation (steppe), only with irrigation (Weat belt)
• The Great basin, extremely dry, rain closer to the coast
• Central Valley, is in rain shadow by surrounded mountains.
• Hot air comes from south (gulf of Mexico), cold air comes from north (Canada)
• Dust storms:                     in western part, high temperature, dust blown in air
• Hurricanes:                        south east, above +27c seawater occurs, loose strength when on land
• Flash floods:                     soil on bare slopes is taken away, roads disappear
• Floods:                                Drainage basin (Mississippi), wind north and south meets
• Tornado:                            middle, land and sea wind meets
• Countries of origin:
• <1800                   slaves
• 1800 > 1960        white Europeans (2/3 USA European)
• > 1960                  other groups
• Afro-Americans, they moved to north-east industrial cities
• Hispanics, Mexican border, work in agriculture, Spanish 2nd language
• Asian, west + big cities, model minority (have made it), also poor from e.g. Laos
• Melting pot:
• Melting pot: being proud of their country and integrate. This started good, till East and South Europeans came. They had their own neighbourhoods
• Hispanics and Asians, stay with their family (family formation) and live in a own ethnic neighbourhood with own language.
• The melting pot has changed into a salad bowl, where all parts are still able to recognizable.
• Relief = height difference
  • High mountain ranges:                peaks > 1500m
  • Low mountain ranges:                 peaks 1500 – 500m
  • Hills:                                                     peaks 500 – 200m
  • Lowlands:                                          peaks <200m
  • Plain = a region  with very little/no relief
    • Coastal plain:                                   <500m
    • Plateau:                                             >500m
    • The following factors influence temperature: latitude, attitude and land-sea distribution
    •  North and south pole are colder because of diagonal light rays from the sun.
    • Closer to the equator it’s warmer because of vertical light rays
    • Vertical rays are warmer because they hit a smaller surface and have to travel shorter distances
    • Land cools down/ warms up more easily than sea. à land has extreme temperatures. This also counts for the air above land / sea. (air at sea is more stable)
    • Onshore winds = wind from sea (less temperature difference)
    • Offshore winds = wind from land (more temperature difference)
    • Wind causes ocean currents, this influences temperature on land.
    • A mountain can separate two climates, it makes it difficult for the wind to cross it. But temperature in the mountain stays longer (cold winters, warm summers).
    • Air rises à cools down à can’t hold weight à rains
    • Windward side = place where wind reaches mountain (relief rainfall)
    • Leeward side = Other side of mountain (rain shadow à dry)

§ 2         Climate and the forces of nature

§ 3         Melting pot or salad bowl

G58      Relief

G30      Temperature factors

G33      Latitude and temperature

G36      Temperature above sea and land

G37      Onshore and offshore winds

G38      Ocean currents

G39      Location of mountains

G40      The causes of precipitation

G41      Precipitation in mountains

G51      Köppen’s climate classification system

G117   Immigration and emigration

• International migration:              move from one to another country
• Push factors                                     makes people want to leave
• Pull factors                                        makes people want to life somewhere else

G118   Push factors and pull factors

G120   Newcomers and natives

• First-generation:                            born abroad
• Second-generation:                      parents born abroad
• Alien is not the same as immigrant
• A country can be multi-cultural
• The cultural / ethnic minorities are the groups from other culturs
• Spatial segregation:       different groups living separated
• Social segregation:         live in own group (neighbour can be Dutch)
• Assimilation:                     newcomers trying to adopt as much as possible
• Integration:                       becoming part of a larger group (both groups need to tolerate

G124   Multicultural society

each other)

§ 4 – Go south, go west

G-numbers: G109, 110

§ 5 – Los Angeles: metropolis and melting pot

G-numbers: G155, 156

§ 4                         Go west, go south

• Shifting border in USA, from north-east à south-west
• Centre of population over Mississippi
• Snowbelt (north-east), has following push factors:
  • Economic, factories replaced by low-wage economies in Asia
  • Social, when whites moved to suburbs, a lot of violence between ethnics
  • Climate
  • Sunbelt (south-west), has following pull factors:
    • Economic, knowledge-intensive high-tech companies, footloose companies
    • (Social, back to roots (Hispanic))
    • Climate
    • California, the melting-pot state
    • People move there, because of the busy multicultural place à white flight/fright
    • Sunbelt migrants
    • Many whites and blacks (back to their roots)
    • Black go back to black Belt (historical/cultural roots)
    • Hispanic/Asian move away from gateway states as Florida, NY and California.
    • In the CDB (3), shops and skyscrapers are found, low people live there.
    • The ethic neighbourhoods (2, large) are poor and don’t have much money, spatial segregation is found there
    • In the suburbs (1), middle class is found, a lot of whites (past) but  now also black/Hispanic and Asian.
    • Urban sprawl, distance between CBD and Suburbs, was caused by cars. Edge cities are found there (urban sub-centres), developed with better economy for downtown areas.
    • LA (agglomeration), youngsters take over houses of elderly who move to suburbs
    • In America a lot of social segregation is found (living separated)
    • Natural changes à birth/death surplus, together natural population growth
    • Migration (not within town) à immigration/emigration surplus, together net migration rate
    • Absolute numbers: real
    • Relative numbers: % or ‰
    • Birth/death rate = no. Of born/death per 1000 inhab.
    • Spatial segregation = different population group living separated (income/ethnic groups)
    • Ethnic neighbourhood, people from same ethnic group
      • Safe feeling (language)
      • No money for better place
      • Discrimination, not welcome in other neighbourhood
      • At first, place for Jews, latter for different poor neighbourhoods
      • Problem / deprived neighbourhoods, have a lot of problems
      • Neighbourhoods will be renewed (better name), ways to change hood:
        • Police
        • Sport clubs
        • Language courses

§ 5                         Los Angeles: metropolis and melting pot

G109                   Changes in population size

G110                   Population figures: absolute and relative

G155                   Ethnic neighbourhoods

G156                   Ghettos